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About Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated developmental disorder characterized by chronic difficulties with social communication, limited interests, and repetitive behavior. While autism is a lifelong illness, the degree of functional impairment differs with individuals who are on the  autism spectrum.

Overview

According to the most current CDC statistics, ASD affects around 1 in every 54 children, with boys being more likely to have ASD than girls. As of 2017, there were over 5 million adults in the United States with ASD, which accounts for 2.21 percent of the population. According to government figures, the prevalence of ASD (how frequent it is) has reached 10% to 17% in recent years.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) was previously referred to as autism or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD).  Individuals with ASD benefit from interventions that help them reach their fullest potential. While ASD is thought to be a condition of very early brain development, behavioral evidence generally appears between 1 and 1.5 years of age but may be up to age 3. 

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Symptoms usually become noticeable by the time a child is 2 or 3 years old. In other situations, the functional impairment caused by autism may be modest and not noticeable until the child enters school and deficiencies are noted when they are with their classmates.

Deficits in social communication may include:

  • Less interest in sharing interests with others
  • Difficulties appreciating their own and other people’s emotions
  • Reluctance to keep eye contact
  • Inability to employ nonverbal gestures effectively
  • Scripted or stilted speech
  • Literally interpreting abstract thoughts
  • Difficulty establishing or keeping friends

Some examples of restricted interests and repetitive activities are:

  • Behavior rigidity, great difficulties coping with change
  • Being too concentrated on a narrow range of topics to the detriment of others
  • Expecting others to share your enthusiasm for such topics
  • Tolerating changes in habits and new experiences is difficult.
  • Aversion to loud noises, for example, is one example of sensory hypersensitivity.
  • Hand flapping, swaying, and spinning is examples of stereotypical motions.
  • Arranging objects, usually toys, in a certain order

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Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder

There is not a a single recognized cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Given the disorder’s intricacy and the fact that symptoms and severity vary, there are most likely several causes. Genetics and the environment may both have an impact.

Genetic factors

Genetic variations (mutations) may raise the likelihood of Autism Spectrum Disorder in other children. Other genes may influence brain development or how brain cells interact, or they may influence the intensity of symptoms. Some genetic mutations appear to be inherited, while others appear to emerge spontaneously.

Environmental considerations 

Researchers are now investigating whether viral infections, drugs,  difficulties during pregnancy, or air pollution play a contributing role to the onset of ASD. 

Risk factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children of all races and ethnic backgrounds are affected by ASD. There are some circumstances that increase a child’s risk of having the illness. These might include:

  • Your child’s gender. Boys are approximately four times as likely as girls to have autism spectrum disorder.
  • A family history. Families with one child with ASD are more likely to have another child with the disease.
  • Other conditions. Children with certain medical disorders are at a greater risk of autism spectrum disorder or autistic-like symptoms than other children. Fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and Rett’s syndrome are a few examples.
  • Babies that are born prematurely. Babies born before 26 weeks of gestation are at a higher risk of developing autism spectrum conditions.
  • Parental age during pregnancy. There may be a link between children born to older parents having an autism spectrum disorder.

Complications of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Social interaction, communication, and behavior issues can result in:

  • Issues with school and learning                                                                         
  • Issues with employment
  • Inability to live independently
  • Social exclusion
  • Domestic conflict
  • Victimization and bullying

Prevention of Autism Spectrum Disorder

There is no cure for individuals on the autism spectrum, but treatments are available to help improve life. Early detection and intervention are most beneficial since they can enhance behavior, abilities, and language development. Intervention, on the other hand, is beneficial at any age. Children with autism spectrum conditions can learn to function to the best of their ability regardless of the symptoms. 

Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Since the symptoms and severity of Autism Spectrum Disease vary so considerably, getting a diagnosis can be challenging. There is no specific medical test that may be used to diagnose the disease. Rather, an expert may:

  • Watch your child and inquire about how his or her social interactions, communication skills, and conduct have evolved and changed over time.
  • Give your child hearing, speech, and language testing, as well as assessments for developmental level and social and behavioral concerns.
  • Show your child organized social and communicative encounters and grade their performance.
  • Apply the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
  • Involve other professionals in making a diagnosis.
  • Go for genetic testing to see if your child has a hereditary disease like Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome.

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Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder

If your child has been diagnosed with ASD, please consult with specialists about developing a treatment plan and having a team of professions that are going to meet the needs of your child. 

  • Behavioral and communication therapy: Therapies can help people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) learn to socialize, talk, and behave better. Some programs focus on reducing bad habits and teaching new skills, while others teach social skills and better communication. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) uses rewards to help kids learn new skills and use them in different situations.
  • Educational treatments. Highly organized educational programs frequently work successfully for children with ASD. A team of professionals and a range of activities to develop social skills, communication, and conduct are often included in successful programs. Children in preschool who get intense and tailored behavioral treatments frequently make significant progress.
  • Family therapy. Parents and other family members may learn how to play and connect with their children in ways that enhance social interaction skills, problem behavior management, and the teaching of daily living skills and communication
  • Other treatments. Speech therapy to enhance communication abilities, occupational therapy to teach activities of daily living, and physical therapy to improve mobility and balance may all be effective depending on your child’s requirements. A psychologist can advise you on how to deal with problematic conduct.
  • Medications can’t cure autism, but they can help manage some symptoms. For example, if your child is hyperactive, they might take medication to calm down. In rare cases, stronger medicines are used for severe behaviors like aggression. If your child is anxious, they might benefit from antidepressants. It’s important to tell all your child’s doctors about any medications or supplements they take, as some can interact and cause problems.
Conversion Disorder

Conversion Disorder

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All You Need to Know About Conversion Disorder

Its also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is a condition in which the brain and nerves of the body are unable to send and receive signals properly. Blindness, paralysis, or other nervous systems (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation characterize a person with conversion disorder.

Overview of Conversion Disorder

The exact number of people who suffer from conversion disorder is unknown. According to some estimates, there are 2 to 5 patients with ongoing symptoms for every 100,000 patients seen each year.
Symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. They might vanish as quickly as they appeared. The majority of the time, they aren’t fatal. However, if you don’t seek treatment, it can have a long-term impact on your quality of life.

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Conversion Disorder

Symptoms of Conversion Disorder

Conversion disorder symptoms usually appear suddenly and mimic nervous system problems (brain, spinal cord, or other nerves).

Hallucinations
Bladder overactivity
Sleep issues
Tremors and muscle spasms
Convulsions, blackouts, and fainting
Numbness in the limbs, body, or face
Hearing impairment
Loss of touch sensation
Suffering from chronic pain
Loss of olfactory perception
Migraines and headaches
Problems with memory and cognition
Slurred or stuttered speech, loss of voice
Weakness or paralysis of the limbs
Loss of vision, double vision & sensitivity
Hearing Impairment

What are Causes:

Conversion disorder is caused by a variety of factors. Instead, researchers believe that there are a variety of risk factors and/or triggers that can lead to conversion disorder. It can be triggered by the body’s reaction to psychological trauma or a stressful event, according to one of the most commonly reported scenarios. Other doctors and researchers believe that conversion disorder can be triggered by a physical injury, infection, migraine, or panic attacks. Many researchers are beginning to believe that regardless of the trigger, symptoms appear to “stick” rather than improve. Then there are the functional issues.

Risk factors of C.D

Conversion disorder can strike at any age, but it is most common between the ages of adolescence and early adulthood. Women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. The psychiatric disease is present in about two-thirds of patients, with depression and trauma being the most common. Personality disorders are a common occurrence as well.

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What are Complications:

Conversion disorder symptoms can be extremely stressful and have a significant impact on a person’s well-being. Symptoms may make it difficult for individuals to go about their daily lives. Seizures or transient paralysis, for example, can raise a person’s risk of permanent disability. A person’s quality of life may be lowered as a result of troubles at work and in relationships. As a result, it’s critical to get a diagnosis and treatment as soon as feasible.

Prevention of Conversion Disorder

Finding effective ways to manage life’s challenges is the greatest way to avoid conversion disorder. Exercising and relaxing activities such as yoga and meditation may be beneficial.
If you have a mental health problem, make sure you see your doctor on a regular basis and take your prescriptions as prescribed.

Its Diagnosis:

The American Psychiatric Association has established a list of criteria for diagnosing conversion disorder:

They impair your ability to move or perceive things, and you have no control over them.
No other ailment, medication, or behavior can account for them.
They aren’t the result of another mental health issue.
They induce anxiety in social and professional situations.

The following tests are frequently used to investigate a conversion disorder diagnosis:

Medical history and examination.
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) (electroencephalogram).
Symptoms-and-treatment-of-Somatic-Symptom-Disorder

Somatic Symptom Disorder

All You Need to Know About Somatic Symptom Disorder

Somatic symptom disorder formerly known as somatization disorder is characterized by physical sensations and bodily pain caused by mental illness. These symptoms cause a significant amount of distress and may or may not be linked to a medical condition, mental disorder, or other substance abuse condition.

Overview of SSD

This type of disorder occurs in about 5 to 7 percent of the adult population. Women are ten times more likely to report than men. This is explained by the fact that the disorder is often related to childhood abuse and trauma to which women are more often exposed than, men. Somatic symptom disorder can appear in any age group.

Patients with somatic symptom disorder have symptoms that come and go for many years. The good news is that with treatment, most patients can experience an improvement in their symptoms.

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Symptoms-and-treatment-of-Somatic-Symptom-Disorder

Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorder

Pain is the most frequent symptom experienced in somatoform disorders and is usually accompanied by pervasive thoughts, emotions, and actions related to the pain. These beliefs, feelings, and behaviors can be debilitating and disruptive to normal functioning. Thoughts, emotions, and behaviors associated with somatoform disorders may consist of the following:

Persistent worry about possible sickness
Interpretation of normal bodily sensations as an indication of severe physical sickness
Fear that symptoms are dire or life-threatening in the absence of facts or medical confirmation
Mistrust of medical assessments and treatment
Excessive visits to a physician or hospital that never alleviate concerns
More significant impairment than what is commonly expected from a medical circumstance

Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorder

Researchers believe there are many factors including biological susceptibility (it’s more common in women), exposure to emotional stress in childhood, and psychological factors such as learned ways of thinking in the context of a person’s social environment. The main factors include:

Childhood physical and sexual abuse.
Poor awareness of emotions/emotional development during childhood. This can be the result of such things as parental neglect or lack of emotional closeness.
Excessive anxiety and attention to bodily processes and possible signs of illness; low pain threshold.

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Risk factors of SSD

Studies have found certain risk factors associated with SSD. These risk factors include a history of

Substance abuse
Alcohol abuse
Neglect during childhood
Presence of other psychiatric disorders, especially anxiety or depression
Chaotic lifestyle/trauma
Chronic illness during childhood
Physical and sexual abuse
A heightened attention to bodily sensations

Complications of SSD

It can be associated with:

Problems at work or unemployment
Increased suicide risk related to depression
Problems with relationships
Financial problems due to excessive health care visits
Poor health
Problems functioning in daily life, including physical disability
Other mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and personality disorders

Prevention of SSD

Little is known about how to prevent somatic symptom disorder. However, these recommendations may help.

If you have problems with anxiety or depression, seek professional help as soon as possible.
Learn to recognize when you’re stressed and how this affects your body — and regularly practice stress management and relaxation techniques.
If you think you have somatic symptom disorder, get treatment early to help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.
Stick with your treatment plan to help prevent relapses or worsening of symptoms.

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Diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorder

To be diagnosed with SSD, a patient Must have one or more symptoms that cause distress or disrupt daily life. And the person must have excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in response to the symptoms that meet at least one of the following criteria:

Overly excessive and long-lasting thoughts about the seriousness of the symptoms
Continuously high levels of anxiety about health or symptoms
Extreme amount of time and energy focused on symptoms and health concerns
One or more symptoms must be persistent (typically present for more than 6 months)

Treatment somatic symptom disorder:

The goal of treating somatic symptom disorder is to manage symptoms using both behavioral therapy and sometimes medications that treat the underlying anxiety and depression. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that helps patients learn ways to change their patterns of thinking or behavior in order to change the way they feel. CBT helps the patients to better cope with anxiety and stress and respond to situations more effectively. If medication is prescribed, antidepressants are a common choice. Antidepressants in addition to helping mood, have been reported to help ease such symptoms as pain, fatigue, pain in joints, and sleep problems.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops shortly after a child has been exposed to something traumatic, either mentally or physically, which causes him to have frightening and recurring memories or flashbacks of the event.

Overview of PTSD:

Every year, more than 400,000 children suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It occurs when a child exhibits symptoms such as fear or shock for at least one month after experiencing a traumatic event.
PTSD symptoms may appear soon after a traumatic event. Alternatively, they could take 6 months or longer to occur. Some children with PTSD suffer from long-term consequences. For a long time, they may feel emotionally numb. PTSD in children frequently develops into a long-term (chronic) issue.
PTSD symptoms can last for six months or longer in some cases, but it is usually treated within three months. If left untreated, PTSD in children can progress into a chronic condition.

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children

Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children

The majority of PTSD-affected children and teenagers will:

  • Have disturbing recollections of the trauma
  • Have trouble sleeping or having bad dreams
  • Have disturbing memories, known as flashbacks, that make it appear as if the trauma is still occurring
  • Stay away from anything that reminds them of the trauma
  • Be frightened, scared, or anxious more easily
  • Be more moody, sad, angry, or not enjoy things as much as the child used to be
  • Be unable to recall certain details of what occurred
    Younger children may exhibit more fearful and regressive behaviors (regressing to a previous level of development), and they may play out the trauma.

Causes of PTSD in Children

While any traumatic event can cause PTSD symptoms, the following are some of the most common ones:

  •  Mishaps, such as car or plane collisions
  • Natural disasters like floods and earthquakes
  • Acts of terrorism or war
  • Violent crimes like home invasions, kidnappings, and murders
  • Abuse (physical, emotional, or sexual) (either of the child or of another family member in front of the child)
  • Neglect
  • Fires in the home
  • Being exposed to violence in the classroom or in the community
  • Family member or friend’s suicide

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Risk factors of PTSD in Children

The following factors can increase a child’s risk of developing PTSD:

  • The child’s proximity to the traumatic event
  • The severity of the incident
  • The duration of the event
  • If the event occurred more than once
  • The child’s ability to bounce back quickly from adversity (resiliency)
  • The child’s ability to cope
  • After the event, how supportive a child’s family and community are

Complications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Internalizing and/or externalizing stress reactions are common in children, and as a result, they may experience significant depression, anxiety, or anger. Their emotional reactions could be erratic or explosive. When a child is reminded of a traumatic event, they may react with trembling, anger, sadness, or avoidance.

Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children

There are a few things you can do to keep your kids from developing PTSD, including:

  • Encourage prevention programs in your community or school by taking an active role.
  • Teach your children that it is acceptable to refuse someone who touches their bodies without their permission or makes them feel uncomfortable.
  • Preventing trauma risks such as maltreatment, violence, or injuries, as well as reducing the impact of unavoidable disasters on children, can help a child avoid PTSD.

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Diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A child must have witnessed, heard about, or been a part of an upsetting or dangerous event to be diagnosed with PTSD. They must then display signs of extreme anxiety. These signs are categorized into three groups:

  • Contemplating, dreaming about or enacting the event
  • Feeling numb, having trouble concentrating, and having trouble connecting with others
  • Being easily irritated, fearful, or having trouble sleeping
    After the event, the symptoms must last at least a few months. That’s because it’s natural for a child to be upset after a traumatic event. Symptoms could appear months or years later.

Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Both therapy and medication are frequently used to treat PTSD in children.
Psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are the two most common types of therapy for children with PTSD.
Psychotherapy enables children to express their trauma through speech, drawing, play, or writing. CBT (cognitive behavior therapy) teaches children how to cope with their fears. The child does not discuss the upsetting event directly in CBT but instead learns skills to deal with difficult feelings. A parent or another person who looks after the child is almost always involved in PTSD therapy.
Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can help children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) feel less fearful and anxious. Prazosin, a blood pressure medication, can also help children who have a lot of nightmares.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Children

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Children

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Children

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that can affect children and teenagers. Obsessions are unwanted thoughts, worries, or impulses experienced by children with OCD. Obsessions are distressing and difficult to manage. To cope with the anxiety caused by their obsessions, children with OCD develop compulsions, which are repetitive actions.

Overview of OCD:

Although we often think of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disease that primarily affects adults, it affects between 0.25 and 4% of children.
Following an infection, such as a staph infection, some children develop OCD symptoms along with other distressing symptoms. This is a condition known as PANDAS or PANS.
The good news is that OCD has been extensively researched, and treatment options are available. The earlier this condition is diagnosed, the faster it can be treated, just like other mental health disorders.

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Children

Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive or compulsive behaviors include the following:

  • Unwanted thoughts, impulses, or images that recur frequently and cause anxiety or distress.
  • Having to repeatedly think about or say something (for example, counting, or repeating words over and over silently or out loud)
  • Having to repeat a task over and over (for example, handwashing, placing things in a specific order, or checking the same things over and over, like whether a door is locked)Having to do something over and over according to certain rules that must be followed exactly in order to make an obsession go away.
    These behaviors are carried out by children in the belief that they will prevent bad things from happening or will make them feel better. However, the behavior is usually not linked to a real risk of something bad happening, or it is extreme, such as washing hands multiple times per hour.

Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

OCD is a genetic condition. This simply means that if someone in your family has it, there’s a greater chance that a child will as well. For kids with OCD who may have underlying vulnerabilities, stressful events can be a risk factor. Trauma-affected children may develop PTSD, which can be mistaken for OCD.

Complications of OCD:

One or a combination of the following issues and complications can arise as a result of OCD:

  • Family members may find it difficult to deal with an OCD child.
  • Stress and anxiety
  • Suicidal thoughts or behavior.
  • Disturbed and dissatisfied child
  • Spending too much time doing things that aren’t practical.
  • Difficulty attending school or participating in social activities.
  • If left untreated, OCD can lead to other serious mental illnesses like anxiety and panic attacks, as well as depression.

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Prevention of OCD:

The exact cause of OCD in some children is unknown. A biological and neurological component is likely, and some children with OCD also have Tourette syndrome or other tic disorders. According to some studies, health problems during pregnancy and birth may increase the risk of OCD, which is one of many important reasons to support women’s health during pregnancy.

Diagnosis of OCD:

Obsessions, compulsions or both are required for a child to be diagnosed with OCD. They must obstruct the child’s normal activities.
The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, or Y-BOCS, is a rating scale that can be used to assess the severity of symptoms.
Obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming and cause significant suffering, as well as impairment in work or social functioning, are required for an OCD diagnosis. OCD is diagnosed using a variety of brain imaging tests, such as MRI.

Treatment of OCD:

Psychotherapy
CBT (cognitive behavior therapy) is an effective treatment method for children who suffer from OCD. This therapy, as well as others like it, assists the affected children in connecting their actions and thoughts. Exposure and response prevention therapy is one of the most important aspects of CBT. This type of therapy aims to gradually expose children to a feared object or obsession.
Medications
Treatment may include a combination of CBT and medications if the problem is severe enough. SSRIs are commonly used to help children with anxiety, but they must be used with caution in children and adolescents because they may increase the risk of suicide in this age group.

Tourette syndrome

Tourette Syndrome

Exploring the Tourette Syndrome Disorder

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a nervous system disorder. People with TS develop “tics.” Tics are uncontrollable twitches, gestures, or sounds that people repeat again and again. People with tics are unable to stop their bodies from performing these actions. A person might, for example, keep blinking over and over again. Alternatively, a person may grunt unintentionally.

Overview of TS

Having tics is similar to having hiccups. Even if you don’t want to hiccup, your body insists on doing so. People can sometimes stop themselves from doing a given tic for a short period of time, but it’s difficult. The person will eventually have to perform thetic.
Tics usually appear between the ages of 2 and 15, with the average age being about 6 years. Tourette syndrome is three to four times more common in boys than it is in girls.
There is no cure for it, however, there are treatments available. When symptoms aren’t bothersome, many persons don’t require therapy. Tics usually reduce or disappear after adolescence.

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Tourette syndrome

Symptoms of Tourette syndrome

1. Tics of the Motor System
Motor tics are divided into two categories: simple motor tics and complex motor tics. Simple motor tics are related to a single muscle, but complex motor tics appear to be done on purpose. 

The following are examples of simple motor tics:

  • Wrinkling of the nose
  • Twitching of the head
  • Blinking of the eyes
  • Biting lower lip
  • A grimace on the face
  • Shrugging shoulders

The following are examples of complex motor tics:

  • Kicking the can
  • Leaping
  • Imitating other people’s movements
  • Inhaling the scents of the things

2) Vocal Tics: Vocal tics can be simple or complex. Simple vocal tics make a single sound, whereas complicated vocal tics make a more significant speech, such as words.

The following are examples of simple vocal tics:

  • A coughing fit
  • Clearing the throat
  • Muttering
  • The act of sniffing
  • Making dog sounds
  • Squeaking

The following are examples of complex vocal tics

  • Making a statement
  • Screaming
  • Using the same words and phrases over and over
  • Sounds of animals

Causes of Tourette syndrome

The causes are unknown. It is a multifaceted disorder caused by a mix of genetic and environmental factors.
It has been linked to many regions of the brain, including the basal ganglia, which is in charge of coordinating body movements. These variations could have an impact on nerve cells and the molecules that transmit messages between them. The Tourette syndrome may be caused by a malfunctioning brain network. Children with a family member who has this ailment are more prone to develop it themselves.

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Risk factors of Tourette syndrome

Risk factors include:

  • Family history. Having a family history of Tourette syndrome or other tic disorders might increase the risk of developing Tourette syndrome.
  • Gender. Males are about three to four times more likely than females to develop it.

Complications of Tourette syndrome

TS patients tend to enjoy healthy, active lives. Tourette syndrome, on the other hand, is commonly associated with behavioral and social difficulties that can negatively impact your self-esteem.
The following are some of the conditions that are frequently linked to it.

  • Disabilities in learning
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Depression
  • Anxiety problems
  • Tic-related pain, particularly headaches
  • Issues with anger control
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
  • Autism is a type of autism

Coping strategies for TS

There is no sure way to prevent TS, but there are ways to manage it:

  • Keep in mind that tics normally peak in early adolescence and improve as you become older.
  • Seek knowledge, coping methods, and support from those who have Tourette syndrome.

Diagnosis of Tourette syndrome

To be diagnosed with TS, a person must meet the following criteria:

  • Having both motor and vocal tics at the same moment or at different periods during the day
  • Been doing the tics for at least a year.
  • The tics began before the age of eighteen.
  • The neurologist will make a more detailed diagnosis. The following tests are indicated for Tourette syndrome:
  • Routine blood testing
  • MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging)

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Treatment of TS

There is no cure for TS, however, there are therapies that can help you control your tics. Many persons with TS have minor tics that do not interfere with their daily lives and thus do not require therapy. If tics cause pain or injury, interfere with education, job, or social life, or cause stress, pharmaceutical, and behavioral treatments are available.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy can help you deal with underlying issues including ADHD, obsession, despair, and anxiety caused due to Tourette syndrome.

Deep brain stimulation

This method is used to treat severe tics that are generally unresponsive to other types of treatment. The brain is implanted with a battery-operated medical device that sends electrical stimulations to the target locations to control movement.

Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

All About Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

ADHD is an acronym for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It’s a psychological disorder. Attention, the ability to sit still, and self-control are all affected in children with ADHD due to abnormalities in brain growth and activity. ADHD can have an impact on a child’s schoolwork, home life, and friendships.

Overview of ADHD

ADHD affects about 11% of children between the ages of four and seventeen. Between the ages of three and six, children with ADHD begin to show symptoms. The average age at which a child is diagnosed with ADHD is seven years old. It is three times more common in young boys than in young girls.
Symptoms may reduce as you become older. Some people, however, never fully recover from their ADHD symptoms. They can, however, develop successful tactics.
Although ADHD does not go away, many adults can learn to manage it successfully. ADHD is a lifelong illness that can be effectively controlled with medication and behavioral therapy.

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Complications

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Prevention

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Treatment

Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

Children, teenagers, and adults with ADHD engage in three types of fundamental behaviors on a regular basis:

  • Inattentiveness: Inability to maintain focus on tasks.
  • Impulsivity: Acting on irrational impulses, such as speaking up in class, tossing a toy, or interrupting someone in the discussion. Adults’ impulses may be irresponsible, such as spending excessive amounts of money.
  • Hyperactivity: Fidgeting, difficulty to stay sat when sitting is required, such as in church or school, and moving or climbing when it is not suitable.

Types of Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

Types of ADHD include the following:

  • Type 2 ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). This kind of ADHD is marked by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors, as well as inattention and distractibility.
  • Impulsive/hyperactive kind of ADHD. This kind of ADHD is distinguished by impulsive and hyperactive activities rather than inattention and distractibility.
  • Inattentive and distractible kind of ADHD. This kind of ADHD is characterized by a lack of hyperactivity and a high level of inattention and distractibility.

Causes of Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

ADHD is one of the most investigated topics of mental health in children and adolescents. The exact source of the illness, however, is yet unknown. According to the data, ADHD is a genetic disorder. It’s a biological condition that affects the brain. Children with ADHD have low amounts of dopamine (a brain chemical) and neurotransmitters (a type of brain chemical). PET scanners (positron emission tomography; a type of brain imaging that allows researchers to see the human brain at work) studies suggest that in children with ADHD, brain metabolism is lower in the areas of the brain that control attention, social judgment, and movement.

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Complications of Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

If ADHD is not treated and people are left to manage their symptoms on their own, symptoms will persist. Adults may suffer from employment, schooling, interactions with friends and family, and other issues, while children may struggle at school, at home, and in social circumstances. ADHD makes life more difficult than it needs to be.

Prevention of Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

Children’s ADHD has been connected to environmental pollutants. For example, parents might get their home tested for lead to avoid lead poisoning, which raises the chance of ADHD. Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and drugs when pregnant with your child is another strategy to help minimize the chance of ADHD.

Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

Although there is no specific test for ADHD, the following factors are likely to be considered when making a diagnosis:

  • A medical examination to rule out any other potential causes of symptoms.
  • Gathering information about any current medical problems, personal and family medical histories, and school records
  • Interviews or questionnaires for family members, teachers, and anyone who are familiar with your children, such as nannies, babysitters, and coaches
  • ADHD criteria from the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
  • ADHD rating scales to aid in the gathering and evaluation of data about your kid

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Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyper Activity in Children

Treatment for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder usually includes behavior therapies, medication, or both.

Medication

The medications of ADHD work by influencing the brain chemicals to help you to control better your actions and impulses. The main medications to treat ADHD are stimulants and non-stimulants. Central nervous system stimulants are commonly prescribed medicines for ADHD. These medicines increase the production of dopamine and norepinephrine i.e. the brain chemicals. E.g. amphetamine-based stimulants (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin)
If stimulants bring side effects, the doctor possibly will suggest a non-stimulant medicine. Non-stimulant medicines work by increasing norepinephrine production in the brain. E.g. atomoxetine (Strattera), some anti-depressants such as bupropion (Wellbutrin) are also used to treat depression caused by ADHD.

Behavioral / Psychological therapy for ADHD

Individuals with ADHD often benefit from psychological therapy, provided by an expert psychiatrist, psychologist, or other mental health professionals. Some individuals with ADHD might also have other conditions such as depression or anxiety. In this case, counseling can help with both ADHD and comorbidities.
Types of psychological therapy for ADHD include:

  • Behavioral therapy: Parents or partners of the affected individuals can learn multiple strategies, for dealing with difficult situations of their loved ones who are affected with ADHD, it also teaches the affected ones ways to replace bad behaviors with good ones
  • Social skills training: This training can help the affected children and adults to learn appropriate social behaviors and coping skills
  • Parenting skills training: It helps parents to learn different ways to understand their child with ADHD and to learn different ways to deal with them
  • Psychotherapy: Helps individuals with ADHD to learn better ways to cope with frustration, impulsive behaviors, and emotions. It helps to improve self-esteem. Counseling might help the family members to understand the affected child or adult with ADHD.
Conduct Disorder

Conduct Disorder

What is Conduct Disorder (CD)? Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Children and teenagers can develop conduct disorder, which is a serious behavioral and emotional disorder. A child with this disease may engage in a pattern of disruptive and violent behavior as well as have difficulty adhering to regulations.

Overview CD

It is estimated that 2% -16% of youngsters in the United States have conduct disorder. It is more common in boys than in girls and usually occurs in late childhood or early adolescence.
If your child is exhibiting symptoms of it, it is critical that you get medical consultation. Once your child receives therapy for it and any other underlying issues, he or she has a far better chance of significant recovery and a brighter future.

Symptoms
Symptoms
Causes
Causes
Complications
Complications
Prevention
Prevention
Treatment
Treatment
Conduct Disorder

Symptoms of CD

Each child’s symptoms may vary. But the 4 main groups of behaviors are:

Aggressive conduct

  • Threatening behavior
  • Bullying
  • Physical violence
  • Brutality to others or animals
  • Using weapons
  • Forcing someone into molestation, sexuality

Destructive conduct

  • Purposefully destroying property (vandalism)
  • Burning

Deceitfulness

  • Untruthful behavior
  • Robbery
  • Shoplifting
  • Criminal behavior

Violation of rules

  •  Not going to school
  • Running away
  • Mischiefs
  • Early sexual activity

Complications of Conduct Disorder

If your child is exhibiting symptoms of conduct disorder, it is critical that you get medical attention. If a child or adolescent is not treated, he or she is at risk of acquiring other mental problems as an adult. Antisocial and other personality disorders, mood or anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders are examples of these.

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Risk factors of CD

Your child’s risk of getting a conduct disorder may be increased by the following factors:

  • Being a male
  • Living in a city setting
  • Being impoverished
  • Having a history of a behavior problems in one’s family
  • Having a mental disorder in one’s family
  • Having other psychiatric illnesses
  • Having a drug or alcohol-abusing parents
  • Living in a dysfunctional household
  • A history of being subjected to terrible occurrences
  • Having been abused or neglected

Causes of Conduct Disorder

Experts believe that many factors play a role in it. These are:

  • Brain damage
  • A distressing event
  • Genetic makeup
  • Child abuse
  • Past failure in school
  • Social issues

Some children with behavioral issues appear to have a dysfunction in the frontal lobe of the brain. This impairs a child’s capacity to plan, avoid injury, and learn from unfavorable events.

Prevention of Conduct Disorder

Although it is not feasible to prevent it, recognizing and responding to signs as they develop can reduce discomfort for the child and family and avert many of the issues associated with the illness. Furthermore, giving a nurturing, supporting, and consistent family environment with a balance of love and discipline may aid in the reduction of symptoms and the prevention of episodes of unsettling behavior.

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Diagnosis of Conduct Disorder

It can be diagnosed by a child psychiatrist or a trained mental health specialist. He or she will discuss the child’s conduct with parents and teachers and may observe the child. In some situations, your child may require mental health evaluation.
If you observe signs of a this issue in your child or adolescent, you can help by seeking a diagnosis as soon as possible. Early therapy can frequently avert future issues.

Treatment of Conduct Disorder

Treatment of conduct disorder usually consists of a combination of the following:

Psychotherapy

 Psychotherapy (a sort of psychotherapy) aims to teach the child how to express and manage his or her anger in more appropriate ways. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a sort of therapy that seeks to modify the child’s thinking (cognition) in order to improve problem-solving skills, anger management, moral reasoning skills, and impulse control. Family therapy can assist enhance family interactions and communication amongst family members. Parent management training (PMT) is a specialized therapeutic practice that teaches parents how to positively influence their child’s conduct at home.

Medication

 Although there is no medically approved prescription to treat it, many pharmaceuticals may be taken (off label) to treat some of its disturbing symptoms (impulsivity, aggression, dysregulated mood), as well as any other mental diseases that may be present, such as ADHD or major depression.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

All You Need to Learn About Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a behavior disorder in which a child has a pattern of being angry or cranky, behaving defiantly or combatively, and being vindictive toward those in positions of authority. The child’s behavior frequently disrupts their daily routine, including family and school activities.

Overview of ODD

According to estimates, ODD affects 2% to 16% of children and teenagers. Boys are more likely than girls to have ODD when they are younger. It affects both boys and girls equally as they get older. ODD is usually noticeable around the age of eight. Learning strategies to help develop strong family interactions and manage troublesome behaviors are parts of behavioral treatment for ODD. 

Following Topics of This Blog Have Been Discussed Below:

Symptoms
Symptoms
Causes
Causes
Complications
Complications
Prevention
Prevention
Treatment
Treatment
Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

  • Excessive disputing with adults, particularly those in positions of power
  • Actively refusing to follow instructions and rules
  • Attempting to irritate or upset others, or being easily irritated by others
  • Placing blame on others for your blunders
  • Having frequent rage and resentment outbursts
  • Being vindictive and wanting vengeance
  • Using disrespectful or vulgar language
  • While being upset, saying harsh and hateful things.
  • Many children with ODD are irritable, easily frustrated, and self-conscious.
  • They may also engage in drug and alcohol misuse.
  • Throwing recurrent tantrums

Causes of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Although the exact etiology of ODD is unknown, it is thought to be caused by a mix of biological, genetic, and environmental factors.

Biological: research suggests that flaws in or lesions to specific parts of the brain might cause behavioral problems. Furthermore, ODD has been connected to neurotransmitters, which are brain chemicals. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow nerve cells in the brain to communicate with one another. Messages may not make it through the brain correctly if these substances are out of balance or not acting properly, resulting in symptoms. Furthermore, many adolescents and teenagers with ODD often suffer from other mental illnesses such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), learning problems, depression, and anxiety.

Genetic: Because ODD can be inherited, many children and teens with ODD have close family members who suffer from mental illnesses such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.

Environmental: A chaotic home life, a family history of mental problems and/or substance misuse, and inconsistent parental discipline are all examples of environmental factors.

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Risk factors of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

ODD is a multifaceted issue. The following are some of the possible risk factors for ODD:

Temperament — a child with a temperament that includes issues with emotion regulation, such as being overly emotional in circumstances or being unable to tolerate irritation.

Parenting concerns, such as a kid who has been abused or neglected, or who has been subjected to severe or inconsistent discipline, or who has been neglected by his or her parents.

Other family concerns, such as a child who lives with a parent who has a mental health or substance use disorder, or a child who lives with a parent who has a mental health or substance use disorder.

Environment, peer attention, and uneven discipline from other authority figures, such as teachers, can promote and reinforce oppositional and rebellious behaviors.

Complications of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Because of their poor social skills and aggressive and unpleasant behavior, children with ODD may face rejection from classmates and other peers. Without treatment, a child with ODD is more likely to develop conduct disorder, a more serious behavioral problem.

Prevention of Oppositional Defiant Disorder: 

Although ODD cannot be prevented, identifying and acting on symptoms as soon as they occur can help the child and family feel less distressed and avoid many of the issues that come with it. Family members can also learn what to do if symptoms reappear. Furthermore, giving a nurturing, supporting, and consistent family setting with a balance of love and discipline may assist to alleviate symptoms and prevent defiant behavior outbursts.

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Diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has criteria for diagnosing ODD. Emotional and behavioral symptoms must be present for six months. .
Angry and irritable mood:

  • Frequently and easily loses temper
  • Is touchy and easily annoyed by others
  •  Is often annoyed and angry

Argumentative and defiant behavior:

  • Has a habit of arguing with adults or persons in positions of authority.
  • Frequently resists or refuses to obey requests or restrictions made by adults.
  • Frequently irritates or upsets others on purpose
  • Is prone to blaming others for his or her errors or misdeeds.

Vindictiveness:

  • Is often unkind or mean
  • Has shown vindictive or spiteful behavior at least twice in the past six months

Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A combination of the following treatments is frequently used:

Psychotherapy: Counseling aims to assist the child in developing more effective ways of expressing and controlling anger. Cognitive-behavioral therapy seeks to modify a child’s thinking (cognition) in order to enhance behavior. Family therapy may be used to aid in the improvement of family interactions and communication. Parent management training (PMT) is a specialized therapeutic technique that teaches parents how to positively influence their child’s behavior at home.

Medicine: Although no medication is specifically used to treat ODD, it may be used to address other disorders or symptoms that may be contributing to a child’s deteriorating behavior. 

Depression in children

Depression in children

All About Depression in Children: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Depression in Children: Most children experience gloomy, lonely, or depressed days. However, if your child appears gloomy or hopeless on a regular basis and it is harming relationships, they may be suffering from childhood depression. This is a significant mental health issue that requires medical evaluation and treatment.

Overview of Depression in Children

The most frequent mental health issues in children are depression and anxiety. Anxiety affects roughly 7% of children aged 3 to 17, while depression affects about 3%. People of all ages, including children, can be affected by depression. Depression is distinct from mood fluctuations that occur normally as children grow and develop. The illness can have an impact on how children interact with their peers and family. It may make it difficult for children to enjoy school, sports, hobbies, or other typical childhood activities. The good news is that with psychotherapy and medication, health care providers can effectively diagnose, treat, and manage childhood depression.

Following Topics of This Blog Have Been Discussed Below:

Symptoms
Symptoms
Causes
Causes
Complications
Complications
Prevention
Prevention
Treatment
Treatment

Symptoms of Depression in Children

According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, common indicators are: 

  • Changes in appetite or weight
  • Being depressed, sad, tearful, or irritable
  • Tiredness or a feeling of being drained of energy
  • Guilt or embarrassment
  • Having a harder time concentrating
  • Loss of pleasure or interest
  • Psychomotor agitation or slowness
  • Suicide and/or death thoughts on a regular basis
  • Sleep disturbances: Nearly every day, insomnia or hypersomnia.

Causes of Depression in Children

Depression and anxiety in children can have many causes, including:

  • Alcohol or drug abuse.
  • Environmental factors (social and family issues).
  • Family history (others persons in the family having depression).
  • Physical illness.
  • Stressful events in life.

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Risk factors of Depression in Children

Factors that increase the risk include:

  • Family issues
  • Bullying
  • Physical, psychological, or sexual abuse
  • A  family history of depression or other mental health disorders

Sometimes depression can be triggered by a single difficult event, such as a parent’s divorce or problems with peers. 

Complications of Child Depression

Children who are depressed may withdraw from their friends and relatives. Others may perceive them as unpleasant or irritate them. Unfortunately, this can lead to the end of relationships, difficulties creating and maintaining new ones, and the risk of becoming involved in unhealthy or violent relationships in the future. Keep an eye out for warning signs of suicide conduct in your child, such as:

  • Concentration on death and dying.
  • Giving up personal belongings.
  • A greater willingness to take risks.
  • Self-destructive or self-harming behavior.
  • Isolation from others.
  • Suicide or depression are mentioned.

Prevention of Child Depression

Depression is more likely among children who have a family history of depression. Children with depressed parents are more likely to experience their first bout of depression in childhood than children without depressed parents. Children and teens from unstable or troubled households, as well as children and teens who abuse substances such as alcohol and drugs, are more likely to develop depression.

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Diagnosis of Depression in Children

Your child will need to undergo a thorough physical and medical examination before a diagnosis can be made. Both of these tests will rule out any underlying medical issues that could be causing your symptoms. Thyroid issues, anemia, and vitamin insufficiency, for example, can all give rise to depressive symptoms. While there is no specific test for depression, your child’s doctor may perform one or more psychological exams to determine the kind and severity of depression.

Treatment of Child Depression

Treatment options for children with depression are like those for adults. Your child’s healthcare provider may recommend:

Psychotherapy for Childhood Depression

CBT (cognitive-behavioral therapy) is a type of psychotherapy that can help children with anxiety or depression. CBT teaches kids how to think more positively and manage their bad tendencies. It can also assist children in managing anxiety by addressing the source of their anxieties and concerns. Therapy equips youngsters with the skills they need to cope with anxiety and despair in a healthier manner.

Medications for Childhood Depression

If counseling fails to bring about considerable change, your child’s doctor may offer antidepressant medication. The best research to date demonstrates that the most effective treatment for severe depression is a mix of psychotherapy and medication. A person thinking of medication for depression and especially during childhood or adolescence, should seek an evaluation with a medical doctor (psychiatrist) that specializes in the mental health of children and teenagers. 

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